Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases occurring ineither the community or healthcare settings. A wide variety of bacteria are responsible forcausing UTIs, however extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli or ExPEC) remains the most commonetiological agent. Since 2000, resistance to antibiotics emerged globally among ExPEC and iscausing delays in appropriate therapy with subsequent increased morbidity and mortality. Forpatients with acute uncomplicated lower UTIs, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,fosfomycin or pivmecillinam should be prescribed for a 1-5 day course depending on the agentused. Single-dose fosfomycin is an excellent option for uncomplicated lower UTIs and has hadsimilar clinical and/or bacteriological efficacy for 3- or 7-day regimens for alternate agents (i.e.,ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, cotrimoxazole or nitrofurantoin). The aim of this review article is toprovide an overview on the definitions, etiology, treatment guidelines (including agents for infections due to antimicrobial resistant bacteria) of lower UTIs and to highlight recent aspectson antimicrobial resistance of ExPEC.
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